Data Exploration

This document aims at exploring two datasets, one in 2016 on 6 individuals and another one in 2018 on 4 individuals. For that purpose, we need first to load the weanlingNES package to load data.

# load library
library(weanlingNES)

# load data
data("data_nes", package = "weanlingNES")
# load('../data/data_nes.rda')

0.1 2016-individuals

Let’s have a look at what’s inside data_nes$data_2016:

# list structure
str(data_nes$year_2016, max.level = 1, give.attr = F, no.list = T)

##  $ ind_3449:Classes 'data.table' and 'data.frame':   384 obs. of  23 variables:
##  $ ind_3450:Classes 'data.table' and 'data.frame':   253 obs. of  23 variables:
##  $ ind_3456:Classes 'data.table' and 'data.frame':   253 obs. of  23 variables:
##  $ ind_3457:Classes 'data.table' and 'data.frame':   253 obs. of  23 variables:
##  $ ind_3460:Classes 'data.table' and 'data.frame':   253 obs. of  23 variables:
##  $ ind_3463:Classes 'data.table' and 'data.frame':   213 obs. of  23 variables:

A list of 6 data.frames, one for each seal

For convenience, we aggregate all 6 individuals into one dataset.

# combine all individuals
data_2016 <- rbindlist(data_nes$year_2016, use.name = TRUE, idcol = TRUE)

# display
DT::datatable(data_2016[sample.int(.N, 100), ], options = list(scrollX = T))

Table 1: Sample of 100 random rows from data_2016

0.1.1 Summary

# raw_data
data_2016[, .(nb_days_recorded = uniqueN(as.Date(date)), max_depth = max(maxpress_dbars),
    sst_mean = mean(sst2_c), sst_sd = sd(sst2_c)), by = .id] %>%
    sable(caption = "Summary diving information relative to each 2016 individual",
        digits = 2)

Table 2: Summary diving information relative to each 2016 individual

.id	nb_days_recorded	max_depth	sst_mean	sst_sd
ind_3449	384	1118.81	26.54	129.91
ind_3450	253	954.81	130.29	367.69
ind_3456	253	697.63	125.24	360.39
ind_3457	253	572.94	135.56	374.71
ind_3460	253	832.25	65.24	249.12
ind_3463	213	648.81	212.19	462.88

Well, it seems that sst is a bit odd. Let’s have a look at its distribution.

ggplot(data_2016, aes(x = sst2_c, fill = .id)) + geom_histogram(show.legend = FALSE) +
    facet_wrap(.id ~ .) + theme_jjo()

Figure 1: Distribution of raw sst2 for the four individuals in 2016

Let’s remove any data with a sst2_c > 500.

data_2016_filter <- data_2016[sst2_c < 500, ]
ggplot(data_2016_filter, aes(x = sst2_c, fill = .id)) + geom_histogram(show.legend = FALSE) +
    facet_wrap(.id ~ .) + theme_jjo()

Figure 2: Distribution of filtered sst2 for the four individuals in 2016

Well, that seems to be much better! In the process of filtering out odd values, we removed 116 rows this way:

# nbrow removed
data_2016[sst2_c > 500, .(nb_row_removed = .N), by = .id] %>%
    sable(caption = "# of rows removed by 2016-individuals")

Table 3: # of rows removed by 2016-individuals

.id	nb_row_removed
ind_3449	4
ind_3450	23
ind_3456	22
ind_3457	24
ind_3460	10
ind_3463	33

# max depth
ggplot(data_2016, aes(y = -maxpress_dbars, x = as.Date(date), col = .id)) + geom_path(show.legend = FALSE) +
    geom_point(data = data_2016[sst2_c > 500, ], col = "black") + scale_x_date(date_labels = "%m/%Y") +
    labs(y = "Pressure (dbar)", x = "Date") + facet_wrap(.id ~ .) + theme_jjo() +
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))

Figure 3: Where and when the sst2 outliers occured

Well this latter plot highlights several points:

• most of the outliers occur while animals spend the whole day at the surface (or on the ground), probably resting, so essentially at the beginning and the end of each track
• we can already see that ind_3449 seems to have return ashore twice during his track

Let’s see if we can double check that, using a map.

# interactive map
leaflet() %>%
    setView(lng = -122, lat = 38, zoom = 2) %>%
    addTiles() %>%
    addPolylines(lat = data_2016[.id == "ind_3449", latitude_degs], lng = data_2016[.id ==
        "ind_3449", longitude_degs], weight = 2) %>%
    addCircleMarkers(lat = data_2016[.id == "ind_3449" & sst2_c > 500, latitude_degs],
        lng = data_2016[.id == "ind_3449" & sst2_c > 500, longitude_degs], radius = 3,
        stroke = FALSE, color = "red", fillOpacity = 1)

Figure 4: It is supposed to be the track of ind_3449… (red dots are the location of removed rows)

… these coordinates seem weird !

# summary of the coordinates by individuals
data_2016[, .(.id, longitude_degs, latitude_degs)] %>%
    tbl_summary(by = .id) %>%
    modify_caption("Summary of `longitude_degree` and `latitude_degree`")

Table 4: Summary of longitude_degree and latitude_degree

Characteristic	ind_3449, N = 3841	ind_3450, N = 2531	ind_3456, N = 2531	ind_3457, N = 2531	ind_3460, N = 2531	ind_3463, N = 2131
longitude_degs	-119 (-132, -69)	-124 (-144, -99)	-112 (-134, -6)	-122 (-132, -97)	-122 (-144, -85)	-121 (-134, -93)
latitude_degs	39 (-67, 68)	60 (-63, 68)	56 (-63, 68)	44 (-63, 68)	59 (-63, 68)	63 (42, 72)
1 Median (IQR)

# distribution coordinates
ggplot(data = melt(data_2016[, .(Longitude = longitude_degs, Latitude = latitude_degs,
    .id)], id.vars = ".id", value.name = "Coordinate"), aes(x = Coordinate, fill = .id)) +
    geom_histogram(show.legend = F) + facet_grid(variable ~ .id) + theme_jjo()

Figure 5: Distribution of coordinates per seal

There is definitely something wrong with these coordinates (five seals would have crossed the equator…), but the representation of the track can also be improved! Here are the some points to explore:

• For longitude a part of the data seems to have a wrong sign, resulting in these distribution, that appear to be cut off
• For latitude, well this is ensure but maybe the same problem occurs

Let’s try to play on coordinates’ sign to see if we can display something that makes more sense.

# interactive map
leaflet() %>%
    setView(lng = -122, lat = 50, zoom = 3) %>%
    addTiles() %>%
    addPolylines(lat = data_2016[.id == "ind_3449", abs(latitude_degs)], lng = data_2016[.id ==
        "ind_3449", -abs(longitude_degs)], weight = 2)

Figure 6: An attempt to display the ind_3449’s track

I’ll better ask Roxanne!

0.1.2 Missing values

# build dataset to check for missing values
dataPlot <- melt(data_2016_filter[, .(.id, is.na(.SD)), .SDcol = -c(".id", "rec#",
    "date", "time")])
# add the id of rows
dataPlot[, `:=`(id_row, c(1:.N)), by = c("variable", ".id")]

# plot
ggplot(dataPlot, aes(x = variable, y = id_row, fill = value)) + geom_tile() + labs(x = "Attributes",
    y = "Rows") + scale_fill_manual(values = c("white", "black"), labels = c("Real",
    "Missing")) + facet_wrap(.id ~ ., scales = "free_y") + theme_jjo() + theme(legend.position = "top",
    axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1), legend.key = element_rect(colour = "black"))

Figure 7: Check for missing value in 2016-individuals

0.2 2018-individuals

Let’s have a look at what’s inside data_nes$data_2018:

# list structure
str(data_nes$year_2018, max.level = 1, give.attr = F, no.list = T)

##  $ ind_2018070:Classes 'data.table' and 'data.frame':    22393 obs. of  46 variables:
##  $ ind_2018072:Classes 'data.table' and 'data.frame':    29921 obs. of  46 variables:
##  $ ind_2018074:Classes 'data.table' and 'data.frame':    38608 obs. of  46 variables:
##  $ ind_2018080:Classes 'data.table' and 'data.frame':    19028 obs. of  46 variables:

A list of 4 data.frames, one for each seal

For convenience, we aggregate all 4 individuals into one dataset.

# combine all individuals
data_2018 <- rbindlist(data_nes$year_2018)

# display
DT::datatable(data_2018[sample.int(.N, 100), ], options = list(scrollX = T))

Table 1: Sample of 100 random rows from data_2018

0.2.1 Summary

# raw_data
data_2018[, .(nb_days_recorded = uniqueN(as.Date(date)), nb_dives = .N, maxdepth_mean = mean(maxdepth),
    dduration_mean = mean(dduration), botttime_mean = mean(botttime), pdi_mean = mean(pdi,
        na.rm = T)), by = .id] %>%
    sable(caption = "Summary diving information relative to each 2018 individual",
        digits = 2)

Table 5: Summary diving information relative to each 2018 individual

.id	nb_days_recorded	nb_dives	maxdepth_mean	dduration_mean	botttime_mean	pdi_mean
ind_2018070	232	22393	305.52	783.27	243.22	109.55
ind_2018072	341	29921	357.86	876.96	278.02	104.90
ind_2018074	372	38608	250.67	686.25	291.89	302.77
ind_2018080	215	19028	296.50	867.69	339.90	103.51

Very nice dataset :)

0.2.2 Some explanatory plots

0.2.2.1 Missing values

# build dataset to check for missing values
dataPlot <- melt(data_2018[, .(.id, is.na(.SD)), .SDcol = -c(".id", "divenumber",
    "year", "month", "day", "hour", "min", "sec", "juldate", "divetype", "date",
    "phase", "lat", "lon")])
# add the id of rows
dataPlot[, `:=`(id_row, c(1:.N)), by = c("variable", ".id")]

# plot
ggplot(dataPlot, aes(x = variable, y = id_row, fill = value)) + geom_tile() + labs(x = "Attributes",
    y = "Rows") + scale_fill_manual(values = c("white", "black"), labels = c("Real",
    "Missing")) + facet_wrap(.id ~ ., scales = "free_y") + theme_jjo() + theme(legend.position = "top",
    axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1), legend.key = element_rect(colour = "black"))

Figure 8: Check for missing value in 2018-individuals

So far so good, only few variables seems to have missing values:

# table with percent
table_inter <- data_2018[, lapply(.SD, function(x) {
    round(length(x[is.na(x)]) * 100/length(x), 1)
}), .SDcol = -c(".id", "divenumber", "year", "month", "day", "hour", "min", "sec",
    "juldate", "divetype", "date", "phase", "lat", "lon")]

# find which are different from 0
cond_inter <- sapply(table_inter, function(x) {
    x == 0
})

# display the percentages that are over 0
table_inter[, `:=`(which(cond_inter), NULL)] %>%
    sable(caption = "Percentage of missing values per columns having missing values!") %>%
    scroll_box(width = "100%")

Table 6: Percentage of missing values per columns having missing values!

lightatsurf	lattenuation	euphoticdepth	thermoclinedepth	driftrate	benthicdivevertrate	cornerindex	foragingindex	verticalspeed90perc	verticalspeed95perc
26.3	89	62.6	1.3	0.5	22.7	75.8	0.5	0.1	0.1

0.2.2.2 Outliers

Ok, let’s have a look at all the data. But first, we have to remove outliers. Some of them are quiet easy to spot looking at the distribution of dive duration:

Before

ggplot(data_2018[, .SD][, `:=`(state, "Before")], aes(x = dduration, fill = .id)) +
    geom_histogram(show.legend = FALSE) + geom_vline(xintercept = 3000, linetype = "longdash") +
    facet_grid(state ~ .id, scales = "free") + labs(y = "# of dives", x = "Dive duration (s)") +
    theme_jjo()

Figure 9: Distribution of dduration for each seal. The dashed line highlight the “subjective” threshold used to remove outliers (3000 sec)

After

ggplot(data_2018[dduration < 3000, ][][, `:=`(state, "After")], aes(x = dduration,
    fill = .id)) + geom_histogram(show.legend = FALSE) + geom_vline(xintercept = 3000,
    linetype = "longdash") + facet_grid(state ~ .id, scales = "free") + labs(x = "# of dives",
    y = "Dive duration (s)") + theme_jjo()

Figure 10: Same distribution of dduration for each seal but after removing any dduration > 3000 sec. The dashed line highlight the “subjective” threshold used to remove outliers

It seems much better, so let’s remove any rows with dduration > 3000 sec.

# filter data
data_2018_filter <- data_2018[dduration < 3000, ]

# nbrow removed
data_2018[dduration >= 3000, .(nb_row_removed = .N), by = .id] %>%
    sable(caption = "# of rows removed by 2018-individuals")

Table 7: # of rows removed by 2018-individuals

.id	nb_row_removed
ind_2018070	3
ind_2018072	1
ind_2018074	33

0.2.2.3 Check day and night

0.2.2.3.1 Light levels

# let's first average `lightatsurf` by individuals, day since departure and
# hour
dataPlot <- data_2018[, .(lightatsurf = median(lightatsurf)), by = .(.id, day_departure,
    date = as.Date(date), hour)]

# display the result
ggplot(dataPlot, aes(x = day_departure, y = hour, fill = lightatsurf)) + geom_tile() +
    facet_grid(.id ~ .) + theme_jjo() + labs(x = "# of days since departure", y = "Hour",
    fill = "Light level at the surface") + theme(legend.position = c("bottom"))

Figure 11: Visualization of light level at the surface along 2018-individuals’ trip

0.2.2.3.2 Day and night detection

# let's first average `lightatsurf` by individuals, day since departure and
# hour
dataPlot <- data_2018[, .(lightatsurf = median(lightatsurf)), by = .(.id, day_departure,
    date = as.Date(date), hour, phase)]

# display the result
ggplot(dataPlot, aes(x = day_departure, y = hour, fill = phase)) + geom_tile() +
    facet_grid(.id ~ .) + theme_jjo() + labs(x = "# of days since departure", y = "Hour",
    fill = "Day time and night time as detected by the `cal_phase_day` function") +
    theme(legend.position = c("bottom"))

Figure 12: Visualization of detected night time and day time along 2018-individuals’ trip

0.2.2.4 All Variables

names_display <- names(data_2018_filter[, -c(".id", "date", "divenumber", "year",
    "month", "day", "hour", "min", "sec", "juldate", "divetype", "euphoticdepth",
    "thermoclinedepth", "day_departure", "phase", "lat", "lon")])

for (i in names_display) {
    cat("#####", i, "{.unlisted .unnumbered} \n")
    if (i == "maxdepth") {
        print(ggplot() + geom_point(data = data_2018_filter[, .(.id, date, thermoclinedepth)],
            aes(x = as.Date(date), y = -thermoclinedepth, colour = "Thermocline (m)"),
            alpha = 0.2, size = 0.5) + geom_point(data = data_2018_filter[, .(.id,
            date, euphoticdepth)], aes(x = as.Date(date), y = -euphoticdepth, colour = "Euphotic (m)"),
            alpha = 0.2, size = 0.5) + scale_colour_manual(values = c(`Thermocline (m)` = "red",
            `Euphotic (m)` = "black"), name = "Zone") + new_scale_color() + geom_point(data = melt(data_2018_filter[,
            .(.id, date, get(i))], id.vars = c(".id", "date")), aes(x = as.Date(date),
            y = -value, col = .id), alpha = 1/10, size = 0.5, show.legend = FALSE) +
            facet_wrap(. ~ .id, scales = "free") + scale_x_date(date_labels = "%m/%Y") +
            labs(x = "Date", y = "Maximum Depth (m)") + theme_jjo() + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45,
            hjust = 1), legend.position = "bottom"))
        cat("<blockquote> Considering `ind_2018074` has slightly different values than other individuals for the thermocline depth, it would be interesting to see where the animal went. </blockquote>")
    } else if (i == "driftrate") {
        print(ggplot(data = melt(data_2018_filter[, .(.id, date, get(i), divetype)],
            id.vars = c(".id", "date", "divetype")), aes(x = as.Date(date), y = value,
            col = divetype)) + geom_point(alpha = 1/10, size = 0.5) + facet_wrap(. ~
            .id, scales = "free") + scale_x_date(date_labels = "%m/%Y") + labs(x = "Date",
            y = "Drift Rate 'm/s", col = "Dive Type") + theme_jjo() + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45,
            hjust = 1), legend.position = "bottom") + guides(colour = guide_legend(override.aes = list(size = 7,
            alpha = 1))))
    } else {
        print(ggplot(data = melt(data_2018_filter[, .(.id, date, get(i))], id.vars = c(".id",
            "date")), aes(x = as.Date(date), y = value, col = .id)) + geom_point(show.legend = FALSE,
            alpha = 1/10, size = 0.5) + facet_wrap(. ~ .id, scales = "free") + scale_x_date(date_labels = "%m/%Y") +
            labs(x = "Date", y = i) + theme_jjo() + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45,
            hjust = 1)))
    }

    cat("\n \n")
}

maxdepth

Considering ind_2018074 has slightly different values than other individuals for the thermocline depth, it would be interesting to see where the animal went.

dduration

botttime

desctime

descrate

asctime

ascrate

pdi

dwigglesdesc

dwigglesbott

dwigglesasc

totvertdistbot

bottrange

efficiency

idz

lightatbott

lwiggles

lightatsurf

lattenuation

tempatsurf

tempatbott

driftdiveindex

driftrate

benthicdiveindex

benthicdivevertrate

cornerindex

foragingindex

verticalspeed90perc

verticalspeed95perc

Few questions, that I should look into it:

• is the bimodal distribution of dduration, desctime due to nycthemeral migration?
• is the bimodal distribution of descrate (especially for ind2018070 and ind_2018072) due to drift dive?
• is lightatbott could be used to identify bioluminescence, cause it seems there is a lot going on at the bottom?
• are the variations observed for lightatsurf is due to moon cycle?
• not sure why is there a bimodal distribution of tempatbott!
• drifrate that one is awesome! Thanks to divetype we can clearly see a pattern of how driftrate (and so buoyancy) change according time.
• the bimodal distribution of verticalspeed90 and verticalspeed95 should be due to drift dive.

# same plot with a colored for the phase of the day
for (i in names_display) {
    cat("#####", i, "{-} \n")
    print(ggplot(data = melt(data_2018_filter[, .(.id, date, get(i), phase)], id.vars = c(".id",
        "date", "phase")), aes(x = as.Date(date), y = value, col = phase)) + geom_point(alpha = 1/10,
        size = 0.5) + facet_wrap(. ~ .id, scales = "free") + scale_x_date(date_labels = "%m/%Y") +
        labs(x = "Date", y = i) + theme_jjo() + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45,
        hjust = 1), legend.position = "bottom") + guides(colour = guide_legend(override.aes = list(size = 7,
        alpha = 1))))
    cat("\n \n")
}

maxdepth

dduration

botttime

desctime

descrate

asctime

ascrate

pdi

dwigglesdesc

dwigglesbott

dwigglesasc

totvertdistbot

bottrange

efficiency

idz

lightatbott

lwiggles

lightatsurf

lattenuation

tempatsurf

tempatbott

driftdiveindex

driftrate

benthicdiveindex

benthicdivevertrate

cornerindex

foragingindex

verticalspeed90perc

verticalspeed95perc

0.2.3 All Variables during the first month

for (i in names_display) {
    cat("#####", i, "{.unlisted .unnumbered} \n")
    if (i == "maxdepth") {
        print(ggplot() + geom_point(data = data_2018_filter[day_departure < 32, .(.id,
            day_departure, thermoclinedepth)], aes(x = day_departure, y = -thermoclinedepth,
            colour = "Thermocline (m)", group = day_departure), alpha = 0.2, size = 0.5) +
            geom_point(data = data_2018_filter[day_departure < 32, .(.id, day_departure,
                euphoticdepth)], aes(x = day_departure, y = -euphoticdepth, colour = "Euphotic (m)",
                group = day_departure), alpha = 0.2, size = 0.5) + scale_colour_manual(values = c(`Thermocline (m)` = "red",
            `Euphotic (m)` = "black"), name = "Zone") + new_scale_color() + geom_boxplot(data = melt(data_2018_filter[day_departure <
            32, .(.id, day_departure, get(i))], id.vars = c(".id", "day_departure")),
            aes(x = day_departure, y = -value, col = .id, group = day_departure),
            alpha = 1/10, size = 0.5, show.legend = FALSE) + facet_wrap(. ~ .id,
            scales = "free") + labs(x = "# days since departure", y = "Maximum Depth (m)") +
            theme_jjo() + theme(legend.position = "bottom"))
    } else {
        print(ggplot(data = melt(data_2018_filter[day_departure < 32, .(.id, day_departure,
            get(i))], id.vars = c(".id", "day_departure")), aes(x = day_departure,
            y = value, color = .id, group = day_departure)) + geom_boxplot(show.legend = FALSE,
            alpha = 1/10, size = 0.5) + facet_wrap(. ~ .id, scales = "free") + labs(x = "# days since departure",
            y = i) + theme_jjo())
    }
    cat("\n \n")
}

maxdepth

dduration

botttime

desctime

descrate

asctime

ascrate

pdi

dwigglesdesc

dwigglesbott

dwigglesasc

totvertdistbot

bottrange

efficiency

idz

lightatbott

lwiggles

lightatsurf

lattenuation

tempatsurf

tempatbott

driftdiveindex

driftrate

benthicdiveindex

benthicdivevertrate

cornerindex

foragingindex

verticalspeed90perc

verticalspeed95perc

for (i in names_display) {
    cat("#####", i, "{.unlisted .unnumbered} \n")
    print(ggplot(data = melt(data_2018_filter[day_departure < 32, .(.id, day_departure,
        get(i), phase)], id.vars = c(".id", "day_departure", "phase")), aes(x = day_departure,
        y = value, color = phase, group = interaction(day_departure, phase), )) +
        geom_boxplot(alpha = 1/10, size = 0.5) + facet_wrap(. ~ .id, scales = "free") +
        labs(x = "# days since departure", y = i) + theme_jjo() + theme(legend.position = "bottom"))
    cat("\n \n")
}

maxdepth

dduration

botttime

desctime

descrate

asctime

ascrate

pdi

dwigglesdesc

dwigglesbott

dwigglesasc

totvertdistbot

bottrange

efficiency

idz

lightatbott

lwiggles

lightatsurf

lattenuation

tempatsurf

tempatbott

driftdiveindex

driftrate

benthicdiveindex

benthicdivevertrate

cornerindex

foragingindex

verticalspeed90perc

verticalspeed95perc

0.2.3.1 Correlation

Can we find nice correlation?

# compute correlation
corr_2018 <- round(cor(data_2018_filter[, names_display, with = F], use = "pairwise.complete.obs"),
    1)

# replace NA value by 0
corr_2018[is.na(corr_2018)] <- 0

# compute p_values
corr_p_2018 <- cor_pmat(data_2018_filter[, names_display, with = F])

# replace NA value by 0
corr_p_2018[is.na(corr_p_2018)] <- 1

# display
ggcorrplot(corr_2018, p.mat = corr_p_2018, hc.order = TRUE, method = "circle", type = "lower",
    ggtheme = theme_jjo(), sig.level = 0.05, colors = c("#00AFBB", "#E7B800", "#FC4E07"))

Figure 13: Correlation matrix (crosses indicate non significant correlation)

Another way to see it:

# flatten correlation matrix
cor_result_2018 <- flat_cor_mat(corr_2018, corr_p_2018)

# keep only the one above .7
cor_result_2018[cor >= 0.7, ][order(-abs(cor))] %>%
    sable(caption = "Pairwise correlation above 0.75 and associated p-values")

Table 8: Pairwise correlation above 0.75 and associated p-values

row	column	cor	p
verticalspeed90perc	verticalspeed95perc	1.0	0
maxdepth	asctime	0.8	0
botttime	efficiency	0.8	0
dwigglesbott	foragingindex	0.8	0
maxdepth	dduration	0.7	0
maxdepth	desctime	0.7	0
dduration	desctime	0.7	0
dduration	asctime	0.7	0
totvertdistbot	bottrange	0.7	0
totvertdistbot	verticalspeed90perc	0.7	0
totvertdistbot	verticalspeed95perc	0.7	0

I guess nothing unexpected here, I’ll have to check with Patrick about the efficiency ;)

0.2.4 Dive Type

# dataset to plot proportional area plot
data_2018_filter[, `:=`(sum_id, .N), by = .(.id, day_departure)][, `:=`(sum_id_days,
    .N), by = .(.id, day_departure, divetype)][, `:=`(prop, sum_id_days/sum_id)]
dataPlot <- unique(data_2018_filter[, .(prop, .id, divetype, day_departure)])

# area plot
ggplot(dataPlot, aes(x = as.numeric(day_departure), y = prop, fill = as.character(divetype))) +
    geom_area(alpha = 0.6, size = 1) + facet_wrap(.id ~ ., scales = "free") + theme_jjo() +
    theme(legend.position = "bottom") + labs(x = "# of days since departure", y = "Proportion of dives",
    fill = "Dive types")

Figure 14: Proportion dive types

0.2.5 Dive duration vs. Maximum depth

0.2.5.1 Colored by ID

# plot
ggplot(data = data_2018_filter, aes(y = dduration, x = maxdepth, col = .id)) + geom_point(size = 0.5,
    alpha = 0.1, show.legend = FALSE) + facet_wrap(.id ~ .) + labs(x = "Maximum depth (m)",
    y = "Dive duration (s)") + theme_jjo()

Figure 15: Dive duration vs. Maximum Depth colored 2018-individuals

0.2.5.2 Colored by Dive Type

# plot
ggplot(data = data_2018_filter, aes(y = dduration, x = maxdepth, col = divetype)) +
    geom_point(size = 0.5, alpha = 0.1) + facet_wrap(.id ~ .) + guides(colour = guide_legend(override.aes = list(size = 5,
    alpha = 1))) + labs(x = "Maximum depth (m)", y = "Dive duration (s)") + theme_jjo() +
    theme(legend.position = "bottom")

Figure 16: Dive duration vs. Maximum Depth colored by Dive Type

0.2.5.3 Colored by # days since departure

# plot
ggplot(data = data_2018_filter[, `:=`(prop_track, (day_departure * 100)/max(day_departure)),
    by = .id], aes(y = dduration, x = maxdepth, col = prop_track)) + geom_point(size = 0.5,
    alpha = 0.1) + facet_wrap(.id ~ .) + labs(x = "Maximum depth (m)", y = "Dive duration (s)",
    col = "Proportion of completed track (%)") + scale_color_continuous(type = "viridis") +
    theme_jjo() + theme(legend.position = "bottom")

Figure 17: Dive duration vs. Maximum Depth colored by # days since departure

0.2.5.4 Colored by phases of day

# plot
ggplot(data = data_2018_filter, aes(y = dduration, x = maxdepth, col = phase)) +
    geom_point(size = 0.5, alpha = 0.1) + facet_wrap(.id ~ .) + guides(colour = guide_legend(override.aes = list(size = 5,
    alpha = 1))) + labs(x = "Maximum depth (m)", y = "Dive duration (s)", col = "Phases of the day") +
    theme_jjo() + theme(legend.position = "bottom")

Figure 18: Dive duration vs. Maximum Depth colored by phases of the day

There seems to be a patch for high depths (especially visible for ind2018070), but I don’t know what it could be linked to…

0.2.6 Drift Rate

In the following graphs:

• driftrate is calculated using only divetype == "2: drift"
• whereas all the others variables are calculated all dives considered

# build dataset
dataPlot <- data_2018_filter[divetype == "2: drift",
                             # median drift rate for drift dive
                             .(driftrate = median(driftrate, na.rm = T)),
                             by = .(.id, day_departure)
][data_2018_filter[,
                   .(
                     # median dive duration all dives considered
                     dduration = median(dduration, na.rm = T),
                     # median max depth all dives considered
                     maxdepth = median(maxdepth, na.rm = T),
                     # median bottom dives all dives considered
                     botttime = median(botttime, na.rm = T)
                   ),
                   by = .(.id, day_departure)
],
on = c(".id", "day_departure")
]

# plot
ggplot(dataPlot, aes(x = botttime, y = driftrate, col = .id)) + geom_point(size = 0.5,
    alpha = 0.5) + geom_smooth(method = "lm") + guides(color = "none") + facet_wrap(.id ~
    .) + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0, 700)) + labs(x = "Daily median Bottom time (s)",
    y = "Daily median drift rate (m.s-1)") + theme_jjo()

Figure 19: Drift rate vs. Bottom time

# plot
ggplot(dataPlot, aes(x = maxdepth, y = driftrate, col = .id)) + geom_point(size = 0.5,
    alpha = 0.5) + geom_smooth(method = "lm") + guides(color = "none") + facet_wrap(.id ~
    .) + labs(x = "Daily median Maximum depth (m)", y = "Daily median drift rate (m.s-1)") +
    theme_jjo()

Figure 20: Drift rate vs. Maximum depth

# plot
ggplot(dataPlot, aes(x = dduration, y = driftrate, col = .id)) + geom_point(size = 0.5,
    alpha = 0.5) + geom_smooth(method = "lm") + guides(color = "none") + facet_wrap(.id ~
    .) + labs(x = "Daily median Dive duration (s)", y = "Daily median drift rate (m.s-1)") +
    theme_jjo()

Figure 21: Drift rate vs. Dive duration

0.2.7 Behavioral Aerobic Dive Limit (bADL)

0.2.7.1 Cook et al (2008)

# dive duration vs pdi by days
ggplot(data = data_2018_filter[pdi < 300, ], aes(x = dduration, y = pdi, color = .id,
    group = dduration, fill = "none")) + geom_boxplot(show.legend = FALSE, outlier.alpha = 0.05,
    alpha = 0) + labs(x = "Dive duration (s)", y = "Post-dive duration (s)") + facet_wrap(. ~
    .id, scales = "free_x") + theme_jjo()

Figure 22: Post-dive duration vs. dive duration

# dive duration vs pdi by days
ggplot(data = data_2018_filter[pdi < 300, ], aes(x = dduration, y = pdi, color = .id)) +
    geom_point(show.legend = FALSE, alpha = 0.05) + geom_smooth(method = "gam", show.legend = FALSE,
    col = "black", linetype = "dashed") + labs(x = "Dive duration (s)", y = "Post-dive duration (s)") +
    facet_wrap(. ~ .id, scales = "free_x") + theme_jjo()

Figure 23: Post-dive duration vs. dive duration (raw data)

# dive duration vs pdi by days
ggplot(data = data_2018_filter[pdi < 300, .(.id, pdi_ratio = pdi/dduration, day_departure)],
    aes(x = day_departure, y = pdi_ratio, color = .id, group = day_departure, fill = "none")) +
    geom_boxplot(show.legend = FALSE, outlier.alpha = 0.05, alpha = 0) + labs(x = "# days since departure",
    y = "Post-dive / Dive duration ratio") + facet_wrap(. ~ .id, scales = "free_x") +
    # zoom
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 0.4)) + theme_jjo()

Figure 24: Post-dive duration / dive duration ratio vs. day since departure

0.2.7.2 Shero et al. (2018)

Based on Shero et al. (2018), we decided to look at the bADL as the 95th percentile of dive duration each day, for those with \(n \geq 50\). This threshold was chosen following this figure:

ggplot(data_2018_filter[, .(nb_dives = .N), by = .(.id, day_departure)], aes(x = nb_dives,
    fill = .id)) + geom_histogram(show.legend = FALSE) + facet_grid(. ~ .id) + labs(y = "# of days",
    x = "# of dives per day") + theme_jjo()

Figure 25: Distribution of the number of dives each day. The threshold used to calculate bADL is fixed at 50 dives per day.

# select day that have at least 50 dives
days_to_keep = data_2018_filter[,
                                .(nb_dives = .N),
                                by = .(.id, day_departure)] %>%
  .[nb_dives >= 50,]

# keep only those days
data_2018_filter_complete_day = merge(data_2018_filter,
                                      days_to_keep,
                                      by = c(".id", "day_departure"))

# data plot
dataPlot = data_2018_filter_complete_day[,
                                         .(badl = quantile(dduration, 0.95)),
                                         by = .(.id, day_departure)]

# combine two datasets to be able to use a second axis
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49185583/two-y-axes-with-different-scales-for-two-datasets-in-ggplot2
dataMegaPlot = rbind(data_2018_filter_complete_day[divetype == "2: drift"] %>%
                       .[, .(w = .id,
                             y = driftrate,
                             x = day_departure,
                             z = "second_plot")],
                     dataPlot[, .(
                       w = .id,
                       # tricky one
                       y = (badl / 1000) - 1,
                       x = day_departure,
                       z = "first_plot"
                     )])

# plot
ggplot() +
  geom_point(
    data = dataMegaPlot[z == "second_plot", ],
    aes(x = x, y = y),
    alpha = 1 / 10,
    size = 0.5,
    color = "grey40",
    show.legend = FALSE
  ) +
  geom_path(data = dataMegaPlot[z == "first_plot", ],
            aes(x = x, y = y, color = w),
            show.legend = FALSE) +
  scale_y_continuous(
    # Features of the first axis
    name = "Drift rate (m/s)",
    # Add a second axis and specify its features
    sec.axis = sec_axis( ~ (. * 1000) + 1000, name = "Behavioral Aerobic Dive Limit (s)")
  ) +
  labs(x = "# days since departure") +
  facet_wrap(w ~ .) +
  theme_jjo()

Figure 26: Behavioral ADL vs. drift rate along animals’ trip (Am I the only one seeing some kind of relationship?)

Looking at this graph, I want to believe that there is some kind of relationship between the bADL as defined by Shero et al. (2018) and the drift rate (and so buyoancy).

# get badl
dataplot_1 = data_2018_filter_complete_day[, .(badl = quantile(dduration, 0.95)),
    by = .(.id, day_departure)]
# get driftrate
dataplot_2 = data_2018_filter_complete_day[divetype == "2: drift", .(driftrate = median(driftrate)),
    by = .(.id, day_departure)]

# merge
dataPlot = merge(dataplot_1, dataplot_2, by = c(".id", "day_departure"), all = TRUE)

# plot
ggplot(data = dataPlot, aes(x = badl, y = driftrate, col = .id)) + geom_point(show.legend = FALSE) +
    facet_wrap(.id ~ ., scales = "free") + theme_jjo()

ind_2018070

# ind_2018070
plot_ly(x = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018070", badl], y = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018070",
    day_departure], z = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018070", driftrate], type = "scatter3d",
    mode = "markers", marker = list(size = 2), color = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018070",
        day_departure]) %>%
    layout(scene = list(xaxis = list(title = "Behavioral ADL"), yaxis = list(title = "# days since departure"),
        zaxis = list(title = "Drift rate (m/s)")))

ind_2018072

# ind_2018072
plot_ly(x = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018072", badl], y = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018072",
    day_departure], z = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018072", driftrate], type = "scatter3d",
    mode = "markers", marker = list(size = 2), color = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018072",
        day_departure]) %>%
    layout(scene = list(xaxis = list(title = "Behavioral ADL"), yaxis = list(title = "# days since departure"),
        zaxis = list(title = "Drift rate (m/s)")))

ind_2018074

# ind_2018074
plot_ly(x = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018074", badl], y = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018074",
    day_departure], z = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018074", driftrate], type = "scatter3d",
    mode = "markers", marker = list(size = 2), color = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018074",
        day_departure]) %>%
    layout(scene = list(xaxis = list(title = "Behavioral ADL"), yaxis = list(title = "# days since departure"),
        zaxis = list(title = "Drift rate (m/s)")))

ind_2018072

# ind_2018080
plot_ly(x = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018080", badl], y = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018080",
    day_departure], z = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018080", driftrate], type = "scatter3d",
    mode = "markers", marker = list(size = 2), color = dataPlot[.id == "ind_2018080",
        day_departure]) %>%
    layout(scene = list(xaxis = list(title = "Behavioral ADL"), yaxis = list(title = "# days since departure"),
        zaxis = list(title = "Drift rate (m/s)")))

0.2.8 GPS data

# This piece of code is only there to show how to draw a polylines with a
# gradient color using leaflet.  We're not using it due to the size of the
# created map, and will continue using circle marker

# datasets used to display map
df_driftrate = unique(data_2018_filter[.id == "ind_2018070" & divetype == "2: drift",
    .(.id, lat, lon, dduration)])

# color palette
pal <- colorNumeric(palette = "YlGnBu", domain = df_driftrate$dduration)

# add
df_driftrate[, `:=`(nextLat = shift(lat), nextLon = shift(lon), color = pal(df_driftrate$dduration))]

# interactive map
gradient_map <- leaflet() %>%
    setView(lng = -122, lat = 38, zoom = 2) %>%
    addTiles()

# add lines
for (i in 1:nrow(df_driftrate)) {
    gradient_map <- addPolylines(map = gradient_map, data = df_driftrate, lat = as.numeric(df_driftrate[i,
        c("lat", "nextLat")]), lng = as.numeric(df_driftrate[i, c("lon", "nextLon")]),
        color = df_driftrate[i, color], weight = 3, group = "individual_1")
}

# add layer control
gradient_map <- addLayersControl(map = gradient_map, overlayGroups = c("individual_1"),
    options = layersControlOptions(collapsed = FALSE))

# format(object.size(gradient_map), units = 'Mb')

Because for some data the contrast in changes was not enough marked, the only treatment applied on these data is to remove outliers for each variable using the interquartile range rule.

# interactive map
gradient_map <- leaflet() %>%
    setView(lng = -132, lat = 48, zoom = 4) %>%
    addTiles()

# loop by individuals and variable
grps = NULL
for (i in seq(data_2018_filter[!is.na(lat), unique(.id)])) {
    for (k in c("dduration", "maxdepth", "efficiency", "driftrate")) {
        if (k == "driftrate") {
            # set dataset used to plot
            dataPlot = unique(data_2018_filter %>%
                .[order(date), ] %>%
                .[.id == data_2018_filter[!is.na(lat), unique(.id)][i] & divetype ==
                  "2: drift" & !is.na(get(k)), c("lat", "lon", k), with = FALSE] %>%
                .[!is_outlier(get(k)), ])
            # color palette creation
            colPal <- colorNumeric(palette = "BrBG", domain = seq(-dataPlot[, max(abs(driftrate))],
                dataPlot[, max(abs(driftrate))], 0.1))
        } else {
            # set dataset used to plot
            dataPlot = unique(data_2018_filter %>%
                .[order(date), ] %>%
                .[.id == data_2018_filter[!is.na(lat), unique(.id)][i] & divetype !=
                  "2: drift" & !is.na(get(k)), c("lat", "lon", k), with = FALSE] %>%
                .[!is_outlier(get(k)), ])
            # color palette creation
            colPal <- colorNumeric(palette = "YlGnBu", domain = dataPlot[, get(k)])
        }

        # add color to dataset
        dataPlot[, `:=`(color, colPal(dataPlot[, get(k)]))]
        # add size column
        dataPlot[, `:=`(radius, 3)]
        # mark the beginning of the trip
        dataPlot[1, `:=`(color = "green", radius = 4)]
        # mark the end of the trip
        dataPlot[.N, `:=`(color = "red", radius = 4)]
        # reorder to make the end and the beginning in front
        dataPlot = rbind(dataPlot[-1, ], dataPlot[1, ])
        # add markers to map
        gradient_map <- addCircleMarkers(map = gradient_map, data = dataPlot, lat = ~lat,
            lng = ~lon, radius = ~radius, stroke = FALSE, color = ~color, fillOpacity = 1,
            group = paste(data_2018_filter[, unique(.id)][i], "-", k)) %>%
            addLegend("bottomleft", data = dataPlot, group = paste(data_2018_filter[,
                unique(.id)][i], "-", k), pal = colPal, values = ~get(k), title = k,
                opacity = 1)
        # retrieve groups
        grps = c(grps, paste(data_2018_filter[, unique(.id)][i], "-", k))
    }
}

# add layer control
gradient_map <- addLayersControl(map = gradient_map, overlayGroups = grps, options = layersControlOptions(collapsed = TRUE)) %>%
    hideGroup(grps)

# display
gradient_map

Figure 27: Tracking data 2018 individuals (green and red dot respectively indicate the beginning and the end of each trip)